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§±§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§Ñ §ã §à§Ü§Ü§å§á§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §Ô. §¬§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§é§Ú §Ú §Ö§Ô§à §à§Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§ç §ß§Ö §å§ä§Ú§ç§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§ç §Õ§ß§Ö§Û §à§Ü§Ü§å§á§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ú §Õ§à §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ô§à §à§ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §¬ §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§å §Ó§í§Ó§à§Õ§å §á§â§Ú§ê§Ö§Ý §¥§Þ§Ú§ä§â§Ú§Û §¤§à§â§Ò§Ñ§é§Ö§Ó (§¶§ª§´). §µ§Ø§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ú §Ó §¬§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§é§Ñ§ç §à§ã§Ö§ß§î§ð 1941 §Ô. §³§ä§å§Õ§Ö§ß§ä §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý §à §á§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ô§â§å§á§á§Ö, §ã§æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ö§Û§ã§ñ §Ó §Ø§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ù§ß§à§Õ§à§â§à§Ø§ß§à§Þ §Õ§Ö§á§à, §Ú §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ó§ê§Ö§Û §Õ§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ñ§Ü§ä§í §ß§Ñ §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ö. §°§ã§à§Ò§à§Ô§à §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â §å§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ý §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§à§Ý§à§Õ§Ö§Ø§ß§à§Û §á§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ô§â§å§á§á§Ö §Ó§à §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ö §ã §¯§Ú§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ§Ö§Þ §³§å§Õ§Ñ§ã§à§Þ. §±§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ë§Ú§Ü§Ú §¬§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§é§Ö§Û §Ó§ß§Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §Õ§à§ã§ä§à§Û§ß§í§Û §Ó§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ §Ó §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §±§à§Ò§Ö§Õ§í.

§° §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ô. §£§Ú§ä§Ö§Ò§ã§Ü§Ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §£§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ §¬§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ü§à (§ª§¿§¶). §³ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§à§Þ §à§Ü§Ü§å§á§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ú 22 §á§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ô§â§å§á§á§í, §Ñ §Ü §Ü§à§ß§è§å 1942 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §å§Ø§Ö §Ú§ç §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à 56. §¡§Ó§ä§à§â §á§à§Õ§â§à§Ò§ß§à §Ú§Ù§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ñ §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ð §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §á§à§Õ §â§å§Ü§à§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §£§Ö§â§í §·§à§â§å§Ø§Ö§Û, §Ö§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§å§Õ§î§Ò§Ö. §±§à§Õ§é§Ö§â§Ü§ß§å§ä§à, §é§ä§à §Ó §Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ü§Ñ§ç §ã §Ó§â§Ñ§Ô§à§Þ §á§à§é§ä§Ú §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í§Û §ä§â§Ö§ä§Ú§Û §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ñ §à§ä§Õ§Ñ§Ý §ã§Ó§à§ð §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§î §Ù§Ñ §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§å§ð §²§à§Õ§Ú§ß§å.

§±§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§Ñ §ß§Ñ §®§à§Ý§à§Õ§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§Ö – §ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §¥§Ñ§â§î§Ú §²§Ñ§Ò§å§ê§Ü§à (§ª§¿§¶). §³§ä§å§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ü§Ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §à §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§æ§Ñ§ê§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §Ó§à §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ö §ã §¥§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ý§à§Þ §¤§Ö§â§ß§à§Ó§Ú§é (§Ü§Ý§Ú§é§Ü§Ñ «§®§à§â§ñ§Ü»), §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§ñ§ç §á§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ë§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ã §á§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ò§â§Ú§Ô§Ñ§Õ§à§Û §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §¹§Ü§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ. §£§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §á§à§Õ§é§Ö§â§Ü§ß§å§Ý§Ñ, §é§ä§à §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à §à§è§Ö§ß§Ú§Ý§à §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ô§â§å§á§á§í «§®§à§â§ñ§Ü». §£§ã§Ö §á§à§Õ§á§à§Ý§î§ë§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ö§ß§í §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú.

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§° §á§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ §³§Ý§å§é§é§Ú§ß§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §¡§ß§Ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§ã§Ú§ñ §¬§à§Ù§Ö§Ý (§ª§¿§¶). §±§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ §á§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§ä§â§ñ§Õ§à§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §ß§Ñ§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§î §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §å§Õ§Ñ§â§í §á§à §Ó§â§Ñ§Ô§å, §Ò§í§Ý §à§ä§â§ñ§Õ §á§à§Õ §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §®.§ª. §¨§å§Ü§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à. §£ §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Þ §á§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§ñ§Ý§à§ã§î. §¥§à §Ü§à§ß§è§Ñ 1943 §Ô. §ß§Ñ §ä§Ö§â§â§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §³§Ý§å§è§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ú §ã§à§ã§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§ç §â§Ñ§Û§à§ß§à§Ó §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú 20 §á§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §à§ä§â§ñ§Õ§à§Ó, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§à§Ù§Ø§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§í §Ó 4 §á§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§Ù§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ò§â§Ú§Ô§Ñ§Õ§í.

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